Cristina de Brito Beirao Guerreiro

Nasjonalt samfunnsoppdrag om sirkulær økonomi. Forslag til organisering.

Möller, Charlotta; Tarrasón, Leonor; Guerreiro, Cristina

Hierarchical Clustering and Dissimilarity Polygon Analyses. Optimizing the Polish Deposition Network.

Soares, Joana; Aas, Wenche; Eckhardt, Sabine; Guerreiro, Cristina

Circular Economy Resource Information System (CE-RISE)

Guerreiro, Cristina

The AirGAM 2022r1 air quality trend and prediction model

Walker, Sam-Erik; Solberg, Sverre; Schneider, Philipp; Guerreiro, Cristina

Source apportionment to support air quality management practices. A fitness-for-purpose guide (V 4.0).

Clappier, A.; Thunis, P.; Pirovano, G.; Riffault, V.; Gilardoni, S.; Pisoni, E.; Guerreiro, Cristina; Monteiro, A.; Dupont, H; Waersted, E.; Hellebust, S.; Stocker, J.; Eriksson, A.; Angyal, A.; Bonafe, G.; Montanari, F.; Matejovica, J.; Bartzis, J.; Gianelle, V.

Recommendations for an update of the Implementing Provisions for Reporting (IPR) in connection with the revision of the Ambient Air Quality Directives

Tarrasón, Leonor; Guerreiro, Cristina

Bærekraftig utbygging av havvind – Marine økosystemer og materialer

Skjellum, Solrun Figenschau; Guerreiro, Cristina

How will 2021 WHO Air Quality Guidelines impact the health impact assessment by the European Environment Agency

Soares, Joana; Gsella, Artur; Horálek, Jan; Guerreiro, Cristina; Ortiz, Alberto González

Recommendations for the revision of the ambient air quality directives (AAQDs) regarding modelling applications

Thunis, P.; Janssen, S.; Wesseling, J.; Piersanti, A.; Pirovano, G.; Tarrasón, Leonor; Martin, F.; Lopez-Aparicio, Susana; Bessagnet, B.; Guevara, M.; Monteiro, A.; Clappier, A.; Pisoni, E.; Guerreiro, Cristina; Ortiz, A. G.

Health risk assessments of air pollution. Estimations of the 2019 HRA, benefit analysis of reaching specific air quality standards and more.

Ortiz, Alberto González; Guerreiro, Cristina; Soares, Joana; Horálek, Jan

Air Quality Plans and Measures. Analysis of data submitted from 2014 to 2020.

Sousa Santos, Gabriela; Clemetsen, Tore; Weydahl, Torleif; Guerreiro, Cristina

Status report of air quality in Europe for year 2020, using validated and up-to-date data

Targa, Jaume; Ripoll, Anna; Banyuls, Lorena; Ortiz, Alberto González; Guerreiro, Cristina

A qualidade do ar na Europa antes, durante e após o COVID

Guerreiro, Cristina

Global environment outlook – Geo-6. Technical summary

Gupta, Joyeeta; Ekins, Paul; Boileau, Pierre (eds.) Asrar, Ghassem; Baker, Elaine; Banuri, Tariq; Bemigisha, Jane; Clark, Graeme; Crump, John; Mayocyoc-Daguitan, Florence; Davies, Jonathan; Dickerson, Phillip; Dronin, Nicoalai; Elder, Mark; Gaddis, Erica; Gensuo, Jia; Grobicki, Anna Maria; Guerreiro, Cristina; Guhl, Andres; Harris, Peter; Hay, Rowena; Hedden, Steve; Jacob, Klaus; Kainuma, Mikiko; Keating, Terry; King, Peter; Lehohla, Pali; Loewe, Christian; Lucas, Paul; Mangalagiu, Diana; Martino, Diego; McClain, Shanna; McMullen, Catherine; Mensah, Adelina; Murthy, Indu K.; Mwangi, Charles; Nzioka, John Muthama; Park, Jacob; Pereira, Laura; Prates, Fernando Filgueira; Rast, Walter; Rice, Jake; Seager, Joni; Sonntag, William; Stoett, Peter; Tan, Michelle; van Vuuren, Detlef; Zenghelis, Dimitri Alexis

Vedfyring på hjemmekontor øker forurensning

Guerreiro, Cristina (interview subject); Pedersen, Lars Håkon (journalist)

Kommentar om EEA-rapporten “Healthy environment, healthy lives: how the environment influences health and well-being in Europe”

Guerreiro, Cristina (interview subject); Asvall, Halldor (journalist)

Ber om fortgang i forskning på corona og luftforurensning

Guerreiro, Cristina; Øvrevik, Johan (interview subjects); Solheim, Pernille; Garden, Vemund Anke (journalists)

Hvordan har luftkvalitet i Europa endret seg under lockdown og hvorfor?

Guerreiro, Cristina; Solberg, Sverre; Walker, Sam-Erik; Schneider, Philipp

Health Risk Assessment of Air Pollution in Europe. Methodology description and 2017 results

Soares, Joana; Horálek, Jan; Ortiz, Alberto González; Guerreiro, Cristina; Gsella, Artur

Forurensede feriemål

Guerreiro, Cristina (interview subject); Busterud, Kjersti (journalist)

Norges piggdekkversting tvinges til å ta grep

Guerreiro, Cristina (interview subject); Stenlund, Edward Johansen (journalist)

Interim Annual Assessment Report for 2018. European air quality in 2018

Tarrasón, Leonor; Hamer, Paul David; Guerreiro, Cristina; Meleux, Frederik; Rouil, Laurence

Source apportionment to support air quality planning: Strengths and weaknesses of existing approaches

Thunis, Philippe; Clappier, A.; Tarrasón, Leonor; Cuvelier, Cornelis; Monteiro, Ana; Pisoni, Enrico; Wesseling, Joost; Belis, Claudio A.; Pirovano, Guido; Janssen, Stijn; Guerreiro, Cristina; Peduzzi, Emanuela

Luftforurensning i Kina og Øst-Asia – utvikling og status

Guerreiro, Cristina

Supporting the improvement of air quality management practices: The “FAIRMODE pilot” activity

Pisoni, E.; Guerreiro, Cristina; Lopez-Aparicio, Susana; Guevara, M.; Tarrasón, Leonor; Janssen, S; Thunis, P.; Pfafflin, F.; Piersanti, A.; Briganti, G.; Cappelletti, A; D'Elia, I.; Mircea, Mihaela; Villani, M. G.; Vitali, L.; Matavz, L.; Rus, M; Žabkar, Rahela; Kauhaniemi, M.; Karppinen, A; Kousa, A.; Väkevä, O.; Eneroth, Kristina; Stortini, M.; Delaney, K.; Struzewska, J.; Durka, P.; Kaminski, JW; Krmpotic, S.; Vidic, S; Belavic, M.; Brzoja, D.; Milic, V; Assimakopoulos, V. D.; Fameli, K. M.; Polimerova, T.; Stoyneva, E.; Hristova, Y.; Sokolovski, E.; Cuvelier, C.

Environmental and health impacts of energy systems

Guerreiro, Cristina

Air

Dickinson, Philip; Guerreiro, Cristina; Keating, Terry; Nzioka, John M.; Chung, Serena H.; Reis, Stefan

FAIRMODE WG5: Benchmarking Urban/Regional Modelling for Improving Air Quality Management Practices

Guerreiro, Cristina; Pisoni, E.; Tarrasón, Leonor; Guevara, M.; Lopez-Aparicio, Susana; Janssen, Stijn; Thunis, Philippe

Discounting the effect of meteorology on trends in surface ozone: Development of statistical tools

Solberg, Sverre; Walker, Sam-Erik; Schneider, Philipp; Guerreiro, Cristina; Colette, Augustin

FAIRMODE WG5: A novel city pilot approach for improving air quality management practices

Pisoni, E.; Guerreiro, Cristina; Tarrasón, Leonor; Guevara, M.; Lopez-Aparicio, Susana; Thunis, P.

Gmina samowystarczalna energetycznie. Mszczonow.

Calus, S.; Nowak, W.; Poplawski, T.; Ozga, K.; Dariusz, C.; Chmiel, M.; Soltysik, M.; Majchrzak, A.; Guerreiro, C.; Thorne, R. J.; Bouman, E. A.; Michalek, M.; Dziubaltowski, P.; Galuszkiewicz, P.; Superson-Polowiec, B.; Perkowski, I.; Trojnacki, M.; Stankowski, T.; Galka, B.; Weszgowiec, M.; Chabecki, P.; Zacharski, P.; Melka, K.

Gmina samowystarczalna energetycznie. Siemiatycze.

Calus, S.; Nowak, W.; Poplawski, T.; Ozga, K.; Dariusz, C.; Chmiel, M.; Soltysik, M.; Majchrzak, A.; Guerreiro, C.; Thorne, R. J.; Bouman, E. A.; Michalek, M.; Dziubaltowski, P.; Galuszkiewicz, P.; Superson-Polowiec, B.; Perkowski, I.; Trojnacki, M.; Stankowski, T.; Galka, B.; Weszgowiec, M.; Chabecki, P.; Zacharski, P.; Melka, K.

Gmina samowystarczalna energetycznie. Sulejowek.

Calus, S.; Nowak, W.; Poplawski, T.; Ozga, K.; Dariusz, C.; Chmiel, M.; Soltysik, M.; Majchrzak, A.; Guerreiro, C.; Thorne, R. J.; Bouman, E. A.; Michalek, M.; Dziubaltowski, P.; Galuszkiewicz, P.; Superson-Polowiec, B.; Perkowski, I.; Trojnacki, M.; Stankowski, T.; Galka, B.; Weszgowiec, M.; Chabecki, P.; Zacharski, P.; Melka, K.

Gmina samowystarczalna energetycznie. Lesznowola.

Calus, S.; Nowak, W.; Poplawski, T.; Ozga, K.; Dariusz, C.; Chmiel, M.; Soltysik, M.; Majchrzak, A.; Guerreiro, C.; Thorne, R. J.; Bouman, E. A.; Michalek, M.; Dziubaltowski, P.; Galuszkiewicz, P.; Superson-Polowiec, B.; Perkowski, I.; Trojnacki, M.; Stankowski, T.; Galka, B.; Weszgowiec, M.; Chabecki, P.; Zacharski, P.; Melka, K.

Gmina samowystarczalna energetycznie. Tomaszow Mazowiecki.

Calus, S.; Nowak, W.; Poplawski, T.; Ozga, K.; Dariusz, C.; Chmiel, M.; Soltysik, M.; Majchrzak, A.; Guerreiro, C.; Thorne, R. J.; Bouman, E. A.; Michalek, M.; Dziubaltowski, P.; Galuszkiewicz, P.; Superson-Polowiec, B.; Perkowski, I.; Trojnacki, M.; Stankowski, T.; Galka, B.; Weszgowiec, M.; Chabecki, P.; Zacharski, P.; Melka, K.

Gmina samowystarczalna energetycznie. Kalety.

Calus, S.; Nowak, W.; Poplawski, T.; Ozga, K.; Dariusz, C.; Chmiel, M.; Soltysik, M.; Majchrzak, A.; Guerreiro, C.; Thorne, R. J.; Bouman, E. A.; Michalek, M.; Dziubaltowski, P.; Galuszkiewicz, P.; Superson-Polowiec, B.; Perkowski, I.; Trojnacki, M.; Stankowski, T.; Galka, B.; Weszgowiec, M.; Chabecki, P.; Zacharski, P.; Melka, K.

Gmina samowystarczalna energetycznie. Dobrodzien.

Calus, S.; Nowak, W.; Poplawski, T.; Ozga, K.; Dariusz, C.; Chmiel, M.; Soltysik, M.; Majchrzak, A.; Guerreiro, C.; Thorne, R. J.; Bouman, E. A.; Michalek, M.; Dziubaltowski, P.; Galuszkiewicz, P.; Superson-Polowiec, B.; Perkowski, I.; Trojnacki, M.; Stankowski, T.; Galka, B.; Weszgowiec, M.; Chabecki, P.; Zacharski, P.; Melka, K.

Gmina samowystarczalna energetycznie. Wielun.

Calus, S.; Nowak, W.; Poplawski, T.; Ozga, K.; Dariusz, C.; Chmiel, M.; Soltysik, M.; Majchrzak, A.; Guerreiro, C.; Thorne, R. J.; Bouman, E. A.; Michalek, M.; Dziubaltowski, P.; Galuszkiewicz, P.; Superson-Polowiec, B.; Perkowski, I.; Trojnacki, M.; Stankowski, T.; Galka, B.; Weszgowiec, M.; Chabecki, P.; Zacharski, P.; Melka, K.

Uwarunkowania samowystarczalnosci energetycznej gmin.

Calus, S.; Nowak, W.; Poplawski, T.; Ozga, K.; Dariusz, C.; Chmiel, M.; Soltysik, M.; Majchrzak, A.; Guerreiro, C.; Thorne, R. J.; Bouman, E. A.; Michalek, M.; Dziubaltowski, P.; Galuszkiewicz, P.; Superson-Polowiec, B.; Perkowski, I.; Trojnacki, M.; Stankowski, T.; Galka, B.; Weszgowiec, M.; Chabecki, P.; Zacharski, P.; Melka, K.

Air Quality in europe 2017: Specific topic ‘Agriculture’.

Ortiz, A. G.; Guerreiro, C.

Improvements in European mapping of NO2 and BaP concentrations and exposure.

Horálek, J.; de Smet, P, de Leeuw, F.; Kurfürst, P.; Benešová, N.; Schneider, P.; Guerreiro, C.

Towards a practical implementation of the pilot exercise.

Pisoni, E.; Guerreiro, C.

FAIRMODE. Guidance document on modelling quality objectives and benchmarking. V. 2.1

Janssen, S.; Guerreiro, C.; Viaene, P.; Georgieva, E.; Thunis, P.

Long term air quality trends in Europe. Contribution of meteorological variability, natural factors and emissions.

Colette, A.; Solberg, S.; Beauchamp, M.; Bessagnet, B.; Malherbe, L.; Guerreiro, C.; The Eurodelta-Trends Modelling Team: Colette, A.; Couvidat, F.; Bessagnet, B.; Pay, M. T.; Tsyro, S.; Fagerli, H.; Wind, P.; Cuvelier, C.; Manders, A.; Andersson, A.; Bergström, R.; Mircea, M.; Briganti, G.; Cappelletti, A.; Adani, M.; D'Isidoro, M.; Raffort, V.; Mar, K. A.; Otero, N.; Ojha, N.

Municipal climate and energy strategy – experiences in Polish municipalities.

Bouman, E. A.; Thorne, R. J.; Calus, S.; Majchrzak, A.; Guerreiro, C. B. B.

Haldenkanalen som nasjonalt laboratorium for det grønne skiftet – Hva kan NILU gjøre?

Liu, H.-Y.; Guerreiro, C.

Przeglad praktyk zarzadzania jakoscia powietrza w wybranych miastach europejskich.

Guerreiro, C.; Pacyna, J.

Air quality in Europe – 2016 report.

Guerreiro, C.; Ortiz, A.G.; de Leeuw, F.; Viana, M.; Horálek, J.

Use of in-situ data for air quality assessment – the future of AQ monitoring for forecasting and policy support.

Guerreiro, C.

Domestic heating: an increasingly important source of PM and PAHs driven by climate mitigation policies.

Guerreiro, C.; de Leeuw, F.; Horálek, J.; Viana, M.

Household combustion and agriculture: Important sources of particulate matter pollution with large mitigation potential.

Guerreiro, C.; de Leeuw, F.; Horálek, J.; Beauchamp, M.; Bessagnet, B.; Tsyro, S.

Status of CEN TC264 WG43 on modelling quality objectives.

Guerreiro, C.

Noice assessment activities.

Sousa Santos, G.; Blanes, N.; de Smet, P.; Guerreiro, C.; Nugent, C.

Hvorfor er luftforskere bekymret? Vedfyring og folkehelse.

Guerreiro, C.B.

Discounting the impact of meteorology to the ozone concentration trends.

Solberg, S.; Colette, A.; Bessagnet, B.; Réal, E.; Couvidat, F.; Guerreiro, C.

Joint actions for air quality and climate mitigation in Europe.

Colette, A.; Réal, E.; Schucht, S.; Lopez-Aparicio, S.; Eerens, H.; Peek, K.; Ruyssenaars, P.; Guerreiro, C.

Air quality in Europe – 2015 report.

Guerreiro, C.; de Leeuw, F.; Foltescu, V.; Ortiz, A.G.; Horálek, J.

Domestic heating: an important source of particulate matter pollution.

Guerreiro, C.; de Leeuw, F.; Horálek, J.; Viana, M.

Domestic heating: an important source of air pollution in European urban areas.

Guerreiro, C.; de Leeuw, F.; Horalek, J.; Viana, M.

Benchmarking of the urban air dispersion model EPISODE.

Sousa Santos, G.; Guerreiro, C.; Sundvor, I.; Tarrasón, L.

Recommendations for the Pilot Assessment. Recommendations from NILU based on the presentations given by ATMOTERM during the A3 Modelling Meeting in Warsaw on 19th and 20th February 2015.

Karl, M.; Guerreiro, C.; Pacyna, J.M.; Pacyna, E.G.

Air quality in Europe – 2014 report.

Guerreiro, C.; de Leeuw, F.; Foltescu, V.; Horálek, J.

Can further mitigation of ammonia emissions reduce exceedances of particulate matter air quality standards?

Bessagnet, B.; Beauchamp, M.; Guerreiro, C.; de Leeuw, F.; Tsyro, S.; Colette, A.; Meleux, F.; Rouïl, L.; Ruyssenaars, P.; Sauter, F.; Velders, G.J.M.; Foltescu, V.L.; van Aardenne, J.

EMEP simulations of PM levels in Europe under the Gothenburg Protocol and measures to reduce further ammonia emissions from agriculture.

Guerreiro, C.; Beauchamp, M.; Bessagnet, B.; Tsyro, S.

Review of report on PM equivalence testing in Poland.

Marsteen, L.; Guerreiro, C.

The role of air quality modelling in particulate matter management in cities. Results from the air implementation pilot.

Castell, N.; Denby, B.R.; Guerreiro, C.

Real-world application of new sensor technologies for air quality monitoring.

Castell, N.; Viana, M.; Minguillon, M.C.; Guerreiro, C.; Querol, X.

The 5-years assessment of air quality, the Norwegian experience.

Guerreiro, C.; Bøhler, T.

Air quality in Europe – 2013 report.

Guerreiro, C.; de Leeuw, F.; Foltescu, V.

Air implementation pilot- Lessons learnt from the implementation of air quality legislation at urban level.

González Ortiz, A.; Mourelatou, A.; Schilling J.; Verheye, T.; Brockett, S.; Buzica, D.; Arduino G.; de Wilt W.; Castell, N.; Nagl, C.; Malherbe, L.; de Leeuw, F.; Targa, J.; Viana, M.; Döring, U.; Rouïl, L.; Guerreiro, C.; Tarrasón, L.

Air implementation pilot: Workshop on measures, Copenhagen, February 27th 2013.

Viana, M.; Castell, N.; Doering, U.; de Leeuw, F.; Malherbe, L.; Nagl, C.; Rouil, L.; Guerreiro, C.; Ruyssenaars, P.; Ortiz, A.G.

Road traffic’s contribution to air quality in European cities.

Sundvor, I.; Castell Balaguer, N.; Viana, M.; Querol, X.; Reche, C.; Amato, F.; Mellios, G.; Guerreiro, C.

The potential of GMES satellite data for mapping nitrogen dioxide at the European scale.

Schneider, P.; Tarrasón, L.; Guerreiro, C.

Air quality in Europe – 2012 report.

Guerreiro, C.; de Leeuw, F.; Foltescu, V.; Schilling, J.; van Aardenne, J.; Lükewille, A.; Adams, M.

Status and trends of NO2 ambient concentrations and NO2/NOX concentration ratios in Europe.

Guerreiro, C.; Horálek, J.; de Leeuw, F.

Status and trends of NO2 ambient concentrations in Europe.

Guerreiro, C.; Horalek, J.; de Leeuw, F.; Hak, C.; Nagl, C.; Kurfürst, P.; Ostatnicka, J.

Contribution of traffic to urban air quality and mitigation strategies in European Cities.

Hak, C.; Larssen, S.; Randall, S.; Guerreiro, C.; Denby, B.

Air quality web portal in Dakar. Operational and editoral procedures.

Diokhane, A.M.; Vo, D.T.; Guerreiro, C.

Granfosslinjen. Evaluation of air pollution from tunnel outlets.

Haugsbakk,I.; Guerreiro, C.

A bottom-up air pollution emission inventory for Dakar.

Guerreiro, C.; Vo, D.T.

Final project report.

Guerreiro, C.

Traffic and air quality – contribution of traffic to urban air quality in European cities.

Hak, C.; Larssen, S.; Randall, S.; Guerreiro, C.; Denby, B.; Horálek, J.

Environmental Impact Factor – air: an integrated modelling system for cost-benefit analysis of air emission reduction measures.

Guerreiro, C.; Larssen, T.; Bruteig, I.; Knudsen, S.; Ødegård, R.; Aarrestad, P.A.; Monsen, B.L.S.; Engen, S.

Thirteenth EIONET workshop on air quality management and assessment, Brugge, Belgium 29-30 September 2008. Proceedings.

Larssen, S.; Guerreiro, C.

Suivi et évaluation de la Qualité de l’Air.

Sivertsen, B.; Guerreiro, C.

Emissions inventorying as an integrated part of the state of the art air quality management system, AirQUIS.

Guerreiro, C.; Laupsa, H.; Ødegård, R.; Gjerstad, K.I.

Simplified models for integrated air quality management in urban areas.

Sivertsen, B.; Dudek, A.; Guerreiro, C.

Ambient PM10 and PM2.5 measurements in Dakar, Senegal.

Guerreiro, C.B.; Laupsa, H.; Sivertsen, B.

Air quality management structure for Dakar.

Sivertsen, B.; Legendre, B.; Guerreiro, C.

Ambient air quality measurements in Dakar, Senegal.

Guerreiro, C.B.G.; Laupsa, H.; Sivertsen, B.

QADAK Mission 3. 27 February – 10 March 2006.

Guerreiro, C.; Sivertsen, B.; Laupsa, H.

Ambient air pollution study Dakar 2005. October – December 2005.

Sivertsen, B.; Laupsa, H.; Guerreiro, C.

QADAK mission 2, 3 – 12 October 2005.

Guerreiro, C.; Sivertsen, B.; Laupsa, H.

QADAK mission 2, 3 – 12 October 2005.

Guerreiro, C.; Sivertsen, B.; Laupsa, H.

Passive sampling of SO2 and NO2 in ambient air in Dakar. Preliminary study, June 2005.

Sivertsen, B.; Laupsa, H.; Guerreiro, C.

QADAK Mission 1, May-June 2005.

Guerreiro, C.; Sivertsen, B.; Laupsa, H.

Traffic air pollution assessment and sustainable transportation: the case for Abu Dhabi City.

Bøhler, T.; Guerreiro, C.B.

Hot spots and non-affected areas. Abu Dhabi Air Quality Management Study.

Bøhler, T.; Guerreiro, C.; Gamal, K.

Interim Report on Gap Analysis. Abu Dhabi Air Quality Management Study.

Bøhler, T.; Guerreiro, C.; Nour, M.

Evaluation of existing Air Quality Network. Abu Dhabi Air Quality Management Study.

Bøhler, T.; Guerreiro, C.; Marsteen, L.; Sivertsen, B.

Air Quality Management System for ADCO. Technical Description. Front End Engineering & Design (FEED) Services for Air Monitoring System Project.

Bøhler, T.; Guerreiro, C.

Evaluation of accidental emission of particles at the oil refinery at Mongstad, February 2001.

Guerreiro, C.

Consequenses of emissions sto air from petroleum related activities in the area Lofoten-Barent Sea.

Guerreiro, C.; Larssen, T.; Aarrestad, P.A.

Dispersion and stack height estimates for a planned aluminium smelter in Reyðarfjördur, Iceland. Fume treatment plant of the anode-baking furnace.

Guerreiro, C.

Contribution to the environmental impact assessment for Snøhvit-field and the gas terminal at Melkøya. Emissions to air.

Knudsen, S.; Guerreiro, C.,, Laupsa, H.

Development and evaluation of the urban dispersion model Episode used in evaluating traffic diversion measures in Oslo. Poster presentation.

Walker, S.E.; Slørdal, L.H.; Guerreiro, C.; Grønskei, K.E.

Air pollution exposure monitoring and estimation. Part V: Traffic exposure in adults.

Bartonova, A.; Clench-Aas, J.; Gram, F.; Grønskei, K.E.; Guerreiro, C.; Larssen, S. Tønnesen, D.; Walker, S.-E.

Air pollution exposure monitoring and estimation. Part III: Development of new types of air quality indicators.

Guerreiro, C.; Clench-Aas, J.; Bartonova, A.